Aristotle And Aristotle s Theory Of Virtue - 2685 Words

Matt Westermeyer Epictetus and Aristotle in Practice Mankind has been searching for existential reasoning since our earliest beginnings. One of the biggest questions, the one that keeps me up at night, â€Å"How ought we to live?† will be explained from the viewpoints of Epictetus in his Enchiridion and Aristotle in Nicomachean Ethics. In this paper, I will discuss both philosophies in principle and practice, while giving insight to how to they may function in a modern world situation. Although both theories have useful guidance for navigating the human condition, Aristotle’s theory of virtue encompasses more of a real world schematic of how to interpret oneself in relation to our surroundings through compassion rather than apathy. Epictetus’ Enchiridion or â€Å"Manual† lays out guidelines according to his stoic doctrines. He essentially instructs the reader to understand their relativity to nature and guide one into a submissive state under the grander scheme of cosmological law. Epictetus tells us to let go of fears of death and loss and to find balance amongst needed desires and aversions. He assures that everything happens for some good reason, and that as a rational and sentient creature, one should see things for how they really are and consider the consequences of our actions and thoughts. Since beliefs can correct emotions, those who have control over their thoughts are in control of their freedom; strong words coming from someone who was born into actual physical slaveryShow MoreRelatedAristotle And Aristotle s Theory Of Moral Virtue1229 Words   |  5 PagesNietzsche and Aristotle were two of the most significant philosopher of not only their time but their works has lasted throughout the centuries to influence even some today’s greatest minds. Their works however could not be any separated, Aristotle is a prominent figure in ancient Greek philosophy, making contributions to logic, metaphysics, mathematics, physics, biology, botany, ethics, politics, agriculture, medicine, dance and theatre. He was a student of great thinkers such as Plato and SocratesRead MoreAristotle s Theory Of Virtue Ethics1095 Words   |  5 Pageswhole.† ― Aristotle, The Nicomachean Ethics Ethics is the philosophical study of moral judgements (Solomon: 2010). Moral philosophy has long been dominated by two basic theories; deontology, inspired by Immanuel Kant, the eighteenth century philosopher and; utilitarianism or consequentialism, which derives its modern day instructions from eighteenth and nineteenth century philosophers Jeremey Bentham and J. S. Mills, respectively (Hursthouse:1999). Increasing dissatisfaction with these theories and theirRead MoreAristotle s Theory Of Virtue Ethics2060 Words   |  9 PagesWhy does Aristotle think friendship is a good? Is he right? Aristotle outlined a guide to ethics that sought, first and foremost, a degree of applicability that does not falter in its representations of humankind. Perhaps this is the reason that Aristotle plays close attention to one of humankinds most treasured and hard-wearing concepts - friendship. It would be fair to say that friendship has cemented a position as one of the most fundamental constituents that contribute to the phenomenon of dailyRead MoreAristotle s Theory Of Virtue868 Words   |  4 PagesAccording to Professor Koteski, â€Å"Aristotle used a â€Å"biological† model in his approach to ethics.† His search for common components in the lives of different individuals attempted to define what led to excellence in the life of those individuals and in the life of a community. This shaped Aristotle teleological worldview as he thought that determining natural purposes was the path to the most fundamental principles in governing the people or the city. Virtue is a s tate that decides, consisting in aRead MoreAristotle s Theory Of Virtue1493 Words   |  6 Pageswhat virtue is. Aristotle’s definition of virtue can be described as the as the â€Å"state of character concerned with choice, lying in a mean relative to us, this being determined by reason and by that reason by which the man of practical wisdom would determine it† (Nicomachean Ethics, 31). In addition to that, Aristotle illustrates two types of virtue that stem from his primary idea; moral and intellectual virtue. Aristotle expounds moral virtue as actualizing from habit, in which the virtue cannotRead MoreAristotle s Theory Of Moral Virtue1269 Words   |  6 Pagesone and two of the Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle lays a foundation for and explains reasoning behind his theory of moral virtue. Aristotle does this to give understanding of what it means to be morally virtuous, and how to achieve it. I believe Aristotle’s theory, in the face of objections regarding t he relativity of virtue, is sufficient to achieve an understanding to what it means to be morally virtuous and how to act in a morally virtuous manner. Aristotle uses book one of the Nicomachean EthicsRead MoreAristotle s Theory Of Virtue As A Mean1161 Words   |  5 Pageswork the Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle posits the idea that many desirable characteristics, the virtues, are what he calls â€Å"means,† much like the concept of the average mean in mathematics. He states that these qualities are not extremes, but rather, the degree to which a given quality should be expressed so as to be virtuous falls somewhere between the extremes. He elaborates that specific locations of each mean are determined by their nature, that is, some virtues fall closer to one end of a spectrumRead MoreAristotle s Theory Of Moral Virtue915 Words   |  4 Pages Given the outline of Aristotle’s theory of moral virtue, I am left to conclude that Aristotle’s position is correct. Morality is obviously not innate, but clearly anyone with proper faculties of reasoning can achieve morality. Similarly we would not judge a baby on the ac tions it takes just as one would not judge the actions of an animal because the lack of reason strips the ability to achieve morality from the being under judgement; So to say that an animal or baby is gluttonous and therefor immoralRead MoreSocrates And Aristotle s Life1491 Words   |  6 Pagesphilosopher Aristotle is widely thought to have said, The ultimate value of life depends upon awareness and the power of contemplation rather than upon mere survival. The earliest accounts of human history chronicle the struggle for survival against all odds. It is therefore remarkable that roughly 2400 years ago the question of virtue was raised, let alone contemplated at great length, forming a foundation upon which Western philosophers build to the present day. Socrates and Aristotle were twoRead MoreAristotles Philosophy on Purpose Essay884 Words   |  4 PagesAristotle, the last of the great Greek philosophers. He roamed Ancient Greece from 384 BC until his death in 323 BC. In this time, he wrote an enormous amount of works, a variety of books from metaphysics to politics and to poetry. His variety is exceptionally impressive. His greatest known works are the Athenian Constitution and Nicomachean Ethics. Aristotle’s works of Ethics explore a vast area of topics. He states, â€Å"The goal of the Ethics is to determine how best to achieve happiness.† In order

Homeland Security And The Security - 1435 Words

Differences The idea of securing the nation’s borders and securing the safety of the citizens has been a major topic since the beginning of the nation’s existence. There have always been means and procedures for it but it was never defined to the point it is today. The Homeland Security Department is a fairly new program which is constantly improving and adjusting in accordance to the threats that may arise. In the attempt to secure the United States, homeland security has become paramount and a lot of emphasis is being provided so as to ensure the safety of the borders and the citizens of the United States. So one must ponder what the difference between homeland security and homeland defense are since they both tend to mean the same†¦show more content†¦Later, the federal, state, and local government responses to disasters such as Hurricane Katrina expanded the concept of homeland security to include significant disasters, major public health emergencies, and other events that threaten the United States, its economy, the rule of law, and government operations (2). Homeland security is the combination of law enforcement, immigration, disaster relief, and terrorist activities within the United States’ borders. This would be based on the local agencies and civilian departments to safeguard the people from any threat within while being assisted by the government. In some aspects of terror attacks, there will be a combination of both homeland security and homeland defense. 9/11 is the perfect example as homeland security was responding to the local disasters and threats while the homeland defense, military, was deploying to get to the root of the threats. This is essential to the way homeland security operates because this will stop the attack on the nation’s soil before it reaches the borders and local government agencies are required. The biggest issue with the homeland security aspect is that the

A Commentary on William Wordsworth’s Poems Free Essays

There are many strategies in which a writer can convey his message to his readers. One is allusion, a literary device that lets the readers have a mental image of what the writer is trying to express in his article. The dictionary defines it as an â€Å"indirect reference or citation† to a person, place or something that is presumed to be known already by the reader. We will write a custom essay sample on A Commentary on William Wordsworth’s Poems or any similar topic only for you Order Now Others classify it as an indirect mention of something that the writer may intentionally or unintentionally do so. It is up to the reader to see and grasp the necessary connection. Wordsworth’s breathtaking ranges in poetry encompasses the entire arc of his career from writing pieces of poetry and lingering passionate meditations on demands set forth by the contemporary society for purposes which indulges the art of love, heroism, nature and a whole sense of unpredictable somber and angry poems which stages the flames of war and a whole lot more of uprising circumstances. His so-called nature pieces gave not only a slight impact on readers, but it made people internalize each and every line of his poems such as in Tintern Abbey in the specific lines. â€Å"Do I behold these steep and lofty cliffs, that on a wild secluded scene impress, thoughts of more deep seclusion; and connect, the landscape with the quiet of the sky† (Wordsworth, Owen and Wordsworth). It was believed that the purpose of his works is to send subliminal messages to the British society of his time. He is a man armed with romanticism which is considered moribund in modern literature. His skill of captivating hearts of readers with his ability to revive legends by placing it into lyrics gave him a towering height of success and respect which is up to date appreciated by literature fanatics. Unlike E. S. Yeats who received mostly admiration on his works, William Wordsworth on the other hand had a lot of criticisms regarding his works especially on The Prelude. Some said his works were â€Å"not being poetry at all† and that they were just replica of other authors’ creations. Nevertheless, these were not barriers for Wordsworth to be recognized as one of the most influential British poets in the 18th Century (Colville). Among his greatest works were published after his death in 1850 which gave him a breakthrough in the limelight and a tank of deliberate criticisms at that. Given the fact that his works were often questioned, he remained steadfast upon his works and continued writing epics, tragedies, culture and religion. His enthusiasm on nature which triggered the rationality of the reading public were ironically given ample respect. He was described as a writer dancing shallow waters, and enables one to judge his works either positively or negatively. It was between: love him, or hate him. William Wordsworth in his works in Lyrical Ballads which includes the â€Å"Tables Turned† and Tintern Abbey† also says that it will make everything about him right again, put his life back into perspective especially those about his friend, Samuel Taylor Coleridge as reflected on the lines of the poem, The Tables Turned which reads, â€Å"May teach you more of man, of moral evil and of good, than all the sages can† (Wordsworth, Owen and Wordsworth). Again, he talked about the Coleridge and mentioned the woman he loves and how she is the object of his desires, and also, pain. But then, in addition to feeling let down, Wordsworth also implies that he is not sure about how his friend does things in the poem as reflected by the lines, â€Å"Sweet is the lore which Nature brings; our meddling intellect, mis-shapes the beauteous forms of things:–we murder to dissect†. The essence of the British romantic period is its ability on making readers read and at the same time comprehends what they are reading. This literary device which is used in prose and poetry help in visualizing a mental picture by playing with words alluded. The fragile fact in the usage of such is the level of expectation evoked by the allusion. The style is like â€Å"counting chickens with eggs†. In general, the utilization of allusions by a novelist shows an anticipation that the bookworm is proverbial with the allusion made, otherwise the effect is nowhere to be found in the tentacles of the purpose. Colville, Derek. The Teaching of Wordsworth. American University Studies. Series Iv, English Language and Literature, Vol. 7. New York: P. Lang, 1984. Wordsworth, William, W. J. B. Owen, and William Wordsworth. The Fourteen-Book Prelude. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1985. How to cite A Commentary on William Wordsworth’s Poems, Papers

Corporations As Banks Venture Capitalists â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Corporations As Banks Venture Capitalists? Answer: Introduction Crowdfunding is the modern way of financing new business and start-up. It helps new start-ups by raising funds for their business operations from various sources, such as relatives, associates, financiers and family members. These peoples prefer to invest their capital in small finance projects. It allows small businesses to get investment without the help of any large corporations such as banks or venture capitalists. The popularity of crowdfunding has grown significantly in past decade and it helps finance small companies and ideas in different fields. The essay will discuss the achievement of crowdfunding in different social aspects such as charity, donations, and development of products and facilities. The Australian legislative structure for crowdfunding and structure of other countries will be discussed in the essay for evaluating various differences. Further, the essay will recommend Howard Jones regarding funding of his idea of solar power batteries through crowdfunding metho d and compare it to other traditional methods of funding Crowdfunding Mechanism Crowdfunding and crowd-sourced funding are two different methods of financing a corporation or idea. In crowd sourced funding, the entrepreneurs received funding for their ideas but the financiers take a certain part of their shares[1]. The crowdfunding is a particular part of a crowd sourced funding, in which the funding is collected through the crowd. The crowdfunding is separate from the traditional method of funding such as a loan from banks, venture capitalists, and angel investors. These investors are limited in numbers and prefer to invest in large investment projects. The crowdfunding provided the perfect platform to new entrepreneurs to present, form and share their inventive ideas, by providing them a large number of investors and high financing options. The entrepreneur and financiers connected with each other through online websites and social media platforms[2]. There are four types of crowdfunding option available such as reward, equity, charity and landing based crowdfunding[3]. In the reward centered crowdfunding, the financiers invest in the project of entrepreneurs because of the rewards provided by them. In equity centered crowdfunding, the financiers gets share of the corporation for the investment provided by them. The charity centered crowdfunding is based on social causes; the investors did not get any monetary benefit in this crowdfunding. In case of landing centered crowdfunding, the investment provided by financiers are considered as a loan and entrepreneurs has to return it with interest. There are some steps that must be followed by entrepreneurs for crowdfunding of their ideas. The most important step is related to providing complete and correct information to the investors regarding their idea[4]. All the necessary information must be provided to the financiers before the collection of crowdfunding. The information includes details regarding product, facilities, objectives, required investment, the time frame for the manufacturing of product and rewards provided by the company for their investors. Entrepreneurs can post their business offer on various crowdfunding websites, available online to invite financiers[5]. Commercial and Social Examples of Crowdfunding As per David Murray, to support and promote entrepreneurs small business ideas and start-up, the crowdfunding options is significantly useful in the Australian economy. The reward based crowdfunding attract a large number of small financiers to invest in the ideas of entrepreneurs[6]. In this method, the company gives a guarantee to its investors that they will receive rewards one the company started operating and start generating profits. The entrepreneurs and small financiers both get benefit such way because the financier invests a small amount which does not carry large risk and entrepreneurs gets their idea funded. Indiegogo and Kickstarter are the two largest online platforms for entrepreneurs to fund their ideas through crowdfunding process[7]. In 2016, an Australian game developing company called Satellite Reign[8] raised a funding of $461,333 for their real-time strategy game, through crowdfunding website Kickstarter. In case of equity based crowdfunding, the financiers get shares of the organisation for their investment. According to Tim Heasley, who is a partner of Artesian Venture Partners, only the wholesale financiers investing 2.5 million in real estate or earning an income of $250,000 are considered in the Australian legal system. In 2013, thousands of small financiers raise a funding of $2 million, for technology corporations such as Fame Partners and CrowdMobile[9]. In 2014, more than 22 thousand projects were funded through crowdsourcing on the Kickstarter website and the financiers contribute more than $500 million for a new project. Various small Australian companies such as Ninja Blocks and KoalaSafe raised their funding through crowdfunding from Kickstarter website. Crowdfunding is also a popular method for raising funds for social and charitable causes. Many people donate online for different social and charitable causes. The money donated by people used by entrepreneurs into charitable work. There are several crowdfunding websites that support charity investments to help different charities of the world. Various charitable caused are funded due to such crowdsourcing websites. There are several examples of online charitable crowdsourcing campaigns that assist in raising donation for various social causes. For example, Sanfilippo syndrome is a neurological illness which tears brain cells of the patient suffering from such disorder. The patient suffering from the syndrome cannot walk and talk or eat their food themselves. Eliza, a four-year-old girl, was suffering from such disorder. The treatment for such disorder, which only performed in Ohio, costs more than $2.5 million. Elizas parents made several videos about the condition of their daughter and upload them on the internet to seek help for fighting such disease. The money they raised was not enough for the treatment of Eliza. A professional filmmaker named Benjamin Von Wong saw the story of Eliza and created a short video on her condition. He titled the video Saving Eliza[10], who became significantly popular over the internet. In few months, Elizas parents received a donation of $380,000 through crowdfunding donations. Currently, the campaign has raised more than 1.8 million for the treatment of Elizas disorder. Another example is of Melissa Smith, she was 22 years old and suffering from a dangerous disease called Hodgkin's lymphoma. While she was suffering from Hodgkin's lymphoma she diagnosed with cancer twice. Melissa faced another life-threatening disease when she was 29 years old, called Transverse Myelitis. She became paralysed in few weeks and lost all the sensational from her limbs. Melissas sister started an online campaign for raising fund for treatment of Melissas diseases. The story of Melissa was noticed by a popular website called Chive and they decided to help Melissa for her treatment. The company started an online campaign for crowdfunding called Hope for a Home[11] and raised more than $413,000 in 14 months. More than twelve thousand people contributed for the treatment of Melissa. Legislative Framework of Crowdfunding In Australia, the crowdfunding is a new concept of raising investment for entrepreneurs projects. The Corporations Amendment (Crowd-sourced Funding) Act 2017[12] was passed to provide various guidelines for crowdfunding in Australia. The act was accepted on 28th March 2017 and it came into existence from 29th September 2017. It is based on providing new guidelines and regulations for crowdfunding operations in Australia. The Corporations Act 2001 gets amended and added various new principles of crowdfunding. There are few changes in Australian Securities and Investments Commission Act 2001 as well. The new crowdfunding act changed the structure of Australian market license process. There are several new exceptions which can be applied by crowd sourced funding mediators and the monetary market operatives. The new market operatives have the advantage to get an exemption from the requirement of Australian market license. The non-listed corporations with an annual turnover or market capitalisation lower than $25 million are covered under this act[13]. The corporations which are not subsidiary or did not have any connection with the listed organisation also come under this act. These corporations can raise investment through equity centered crowdfunding up to $5 million in a year. Eligible corporations can use new amendments to create a new offering of investment under fresh disclosure system. This system is significantly easier than old system provided under Corporations Act. The offer for crowdfunding should include a proposal document and it should introduce an online crowdfunding platform. The online platform must have a license of Australian financial services. The proposal document should include all the necessary detail of the proposal. A small scale financier can invest ten thousand dollars annually in crowdfunding offers. The risk of investment must be recognised and approved by the financiers in a period of five days. The number of wholesale financiers is also limited in crowdfunding offers, but the number of projects in which they can invest is unlimited. In case of the United States and the United Kingdom, there is no fixed limit on the crowdfunding investment[14]. Without the limit, the entrepreneurs in UK and US can easily raise more funds as compared to Australian entrepreneurs. The option of crowdfunding is also limited for the unlisted corporation and not available for a private organisation. Observations The crowdfunding is a modern concept in Australia as compared to other countries. Various countries have adopted a legal framework for crowdfunding policies such as United States, United Kingdom, and New Zealand, but the Australian framework is comparatively strict than other countries[15]. The policies of Australian crowdfunding limit the number of businesses which can use crowdfunding method to raise investment. The policies created by the government of Australian have faced numerous criticisms from start-ups industry. The crowdfunding method cannot be used by start-ups or entrepreneurs in Australia; instead, this is available for corporations with a turnover or market capitalisation of $5 million. The United States has implemented an effective crowdfunding procedure for organisations with different products and facilities. For example, Oculus Rift raised $2.5 million from crowdsourcing procedure through Kickstarter[16]. The company was bought by Facebook for $2 Billion in 2014. In 2015, the worldwide crowdfunding industry has raised over $34.4 billion. Australia can adopt various policies from other countries to improve their crowdfunding procedure, for enabling small entrepreneurs to raise investment for their projects. The crowdfunding has numerous benefits than compared to traditional method of raising money. Although the Australian regulations lack several benefits of crowdfunding, it is still a better option for small corporations to raise investment. The Australian government is slowly adopting the policies of crowdfunding but there is still time before they developed such as the United States or United Kingdoms policies. There are mixed reviews regarding the Australian crowdfunding regulation from various market experts. According to Jo Burston, the crowdfunding act passed by the Australian government is the right step towards the improvement of corporations funding situation but the restrictions imposed by the government over small start-ups to raise funding are wrong and against the crowdfunding objectives[17]. Howard Jones can use crowdfunding to raise investment for his project, but the regulations of Australian crowdfunding act put various restriction over single entrepreneurs. Howard Jones can open his unlisted company and then raise investment through crowdfunding. The method of crowdfunding for raising investment is significantly better than traditional methods because it provides large control to the entrepreneur. Conclusion From the above essay, it can be concluded that crowdfunding is a modern method of raising funds for small business. Crowdfunding can be used for raising fund for social and charitable causes as well. Various countries such as US and UK have effectively implemented crowdfunding policies which assist small entrepreneurs to raise investment for their projects. Australia has implemented the equity crowdfunding regulation, but they lack various features of crowdfunding when compared to other countries. Howard Jones should adopt crowdfunding way to raise investment due to its various benefits such as more control over operations and no pressure of venture capitalist. Crowdfunding benefits a countrys economy and helps small entrepreneurs to raise capital. References Belleflamme, Paul, Thomas Lambert, and Armin Schwienbacher. "Crowdfunding: Tapping the right crowd."Journal of business venturing29.5 (2014): 585-609. Eastwell, Michelle, Jessica Dale, and Felicity Dunstone. "Crowd-sourced equity funding is coming to Australia."Governance Directions69.7 (2017): 411. English, Rebecca. "Rent-a-crowd? Crowdfunding academic research."First Monday19.1 (2013). Featherstone, Tony. "Creating opportunity."Company Director30.9 (2014): 18. Firth, Niall. "Crowdfunding successes show value of small donations." (2012): 22. Fitzpatrick, Jeff, et al.Business and corporations law. LexisNexis Butterworths, 2011. Fumagalli, Danielle C., and Arvin M. Gouw. "Focus: Personalized Medicine: Crowdfunding for Personalized Medicine Research."The Yale journal of biology and medicine88.4 (2015): 413. Juredieu, Franck, and Sbastien Mayoux. "Crowdfunding Legal Framework: An International Analysis?."International Perspectives on Crowdfunding: Positive, Normative and Critical Theory. Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 2016. 81-97. Khadem, N. "Crowdfunding in Australia a step closer."The Sydney Morning Herald(2014). Klaebe, Helen G., and Rebecca Laycock. "How to work the crowd: A snapshot of barriers and motivations to crowdfunding." (2012). Manzoor, Amir. "Crowdfunding for Non-Profits."Handbook of Research on Emerging Business Models and Managerial Strategies in the Nonprofit Sector(2017): 152. Royal, Carol, and G. Sampath S. Windsor. "Microfinance, crowdfunding, and sustainability: A case study of telecenters in a South Asian developing country."Strategic Change23.7-8 (2014): 425-438. Stanko, Michael A., and David H. Henard. "How crowdfunding influences innovation."MIT Sloan Management Review57.3 (2016): 15. Stumm, Tony. "The rebirth of crowd funding in Australia!."Governance Directions69.2 (2017): 96. Valanciene, Loreta, and Sima Jegeleviciute. "Valuation of crowdfunding: benefits and drawbacks."Economics and Management18.1 (2013): 39-48. Vitale, Matthew. "Crowdfunding: Recent international developments and analysis of its compatibility with Australia's existing regulatory framework." (2013). Weinstein, Ross S. "Crowdfunding in the US and Abroad: What to Expect When You're Expecting."Cornell Int'l LJ46 (2013): 427. [1] Paul Belleflamme, Thomas Lambert, and Armin Schwienbacher. "Crowdfunding: Tapping the right crowd."Journal of business venturing29.5 (2014): 585-609. [2] Helen G. Klaebe, and Rebecca Laycock. "How to work the crowd: A snapshot of barriers and motivations to crowdfunding." (2012). [3] Jeff Fitzpatrick, et al.Business and corporations law. LexisNexis Butterworths, 2011. [4] Carol Royal, and G. Sampath S. Windsor. "Microfinance, crowdfunding, and sustainability: A case study of telecenters in a South Asian developing country."Strategic Change23.7-8 (2014): 425-438. [5] Franck Juredieu, and Sbastien Mayoux. "Crowdfunding Legal Framework: An International Analysis?."International Perspectives on Crowdfunding: Positive, Normative and Critical Theory. Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 2016. 81-97. [6] Loreta Valanciene, and Sima Jegeleviciute. "Valuation of crowdfunding: benefits and drawbacks."Economics and Management18.1 (2013): 39-48. [7] Matthew Vitale. "Crowdfunding: Recent international developments and analysis of its compatibility with Australia's existing regulatory framework." (2013). [8] Rebecca English. "Rent-a-crowd? Crowdfunding academic research."First Monday19.1 (2013). [9] Toney Featherstone. "Creating opportunity."Company Director30.9 (2014): 18. [10] Danielle C. Fumagalli, and Arvin M. Gouw. "Focus: Personalized Medicine: Crowdfunding for Personalized Medicine Research."The Yale journal of biology and medicine88.4 (2015): 413. [11] Amir Manzoor. "Crowdfunding for Non-Profits."Handbook of Research on Emerging Business Models and Managerial Strategies in the Nonprofit Sector(2017): 152. [12] Michelle Eastwell, Jessica Dale, and Felicity Dunstone. "Crowd-sourced equity funding is coming to Australia."Governance Directions69.7 (2017): 411. [13] Tony Stumm. "The rebirth of crowd funding in Australia!."Governance Directions69.2 (2017): 96. [14] Ross S. Weinstein. "Crowdfunding in the US and Abroad: What to Expect When You're Expecting."Cornell Int'l LJ46 (2013): 427. [15] Niall Firth. "Crowdfunding successes show value of small donations." (2012): 22. [16] Michael A. Stanko, and David H. Henard. "How crowdfunding influences innovation."MIT Sloan Management Review57.3 (2016): 15. [17] N. Khadem. "Crowdfunding in Australia a step closer."The Sydney Morning Herald(2014).